Doric Columns - All You Need to Know

Doric Columns - All You Need to Know The Doric segment is a compositional component from antiquated Greece and speaks to one of the five sets of traditional design. Today this straightforward segment can be discovered supporting many entryway patios across America. Out in the open and business design, outstandingly the open engineering in Washington, DC, the Doric section is a characterizing highlight of Neoclassical style structures. A Doric segment has a plain, clear structure, substantially more straightforward than the later Ionic and Corinthian section styles. A Doric segment is additionally thicker and heavier than an Ionic or Corinthian section. Therefore, the Doric segment is now and then connected with quality and manliness. Accepting that Doric segments could bear the most weight, old manufacturers frequently utilized them for the least degree of multi-story structures, saving the more thin Ionic and Corinthian segments for the upper levels. Antiquated manufacturers built up a few Orders, or rules, for the plan and extent of structures, including the segments. Doric is one of the soonest and generally straightforward of the Classical Orders set down in old Greece. An Order incorporates the vertical segment and the flat entablature. Doric structures created in the western Dorian area of Greece in about the sixth century BC. They were utilized in Greece until around 100 BC. Romans adjusted the Greek Doric segment yet additionally built up their own straightforward segment, which they called Tuscan. Qualities of the Doric Column Greek Doric segments share these highlights: a pole that is fluted or grooveda shaft that is more extensive at the base than the topno base or platform at the base, so it is put legitimately on the floor or ground levelanâ echinus or a smooth, round capital-like flare at the highest point of the shafta square math device on the round echinus, which scatters and levels the loada absence of ornamentation or carvings of any sort, albeit now and again a stone ring called an astragal denotes the progress of the pole to the echinus Doric sections come in two assortments, Greek and Roman. A Roman Doric section is like Greek, with two special cases: Roman Doric sections frequently have a base on the base of the shaft.Roman Doric segments are normally taller than their Greek partners, regardless of whether the pole distances across are the equivalent. Design Built With Doric Columns Since the Doric section was concocted in old Greece, it tends to be found in the vestiges of what we call Classical design, the structures of early Greece and Rome. Numerous structures in a Classical Greek city would have been built with Doric segments. Even lines of segments were set with scientific accuracy in notable structures like the Parthenon Temple at the Acropolis in Athens. Developed between 447 BC and 438 BC., the Parthenon in Greece has become a universal image of Greek human advancement and a notable case of the Doric section style. Another milestone case of Doric structure, with segments encompassing the whole structure, is the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. In like manner, the Temple of the Delians, a little, calm space ignoring a harbor, additionally mirrors the Doric section plan. On a mobile voyage through Olympia, youll locate a singular Doric section at the Temple of Zeus despite everything remaining in the midst of the vestiges of fallen segments. Section styles advanced more than a few centuries. The monstrous Colosseum in Rome has Doric segments on the main level, Ionic segments on the subsequent level, and Corinthian segments on the third level. At the point when Classicism was reawakened during the Renaissance, planners, for example, Andrea Palladio gave the Basilica in Vicenza a sixteenth century facelift by consolidating section types on various levels-Doric segments on the principal level, Ionic segments above. In the nineteenth and twentieth hundreds of years, Neoclassical structures were roused by the design of early Greece and Rome. Neoclassical sections copy the Classical styles at the 1842 Federal Hall Museum and Memorial at 26 Wall Street in New York City. The nineteenth century engineers utilized Doric segments to reproduce the glory of the site where the principal President of the United States was confirmed. Of less greatness is the World War I Memorial appeared on this page. Worked in 1931 in Washington, DC, it is a little, roundabout landmark enlivened by the design of the Doric sanctuary in old Greece. An increasingly prevailing case of Doric segment use in Washington, DC is the production of designer Henry Bacon, who gave the neoclassical Lincoln Memorial forcing Doric sections, recommending request and solidarity. The Lincoln Memorial was worked somewhere in the range of 1914 and 1922. Finally,â in the years paving the way to Americas Civil War, a large number of the enormous, rich prior to the war estates were worked in the Neoclassical style with traditionally propelled sections. These straightforward yet great section types are found all through the world, any place exemplary greatness is required in neighborhood design. Sources Doric segment outline  © Roman Shcherbakov/iStockPhoto; Parthenon detail photograph by Adam Crowley/Photodisc/Getty Images; Lincoln Memorial photograph by Allan Baxter/Getty Images; and photograph of Federal Hall by Raymond Boyd/Getty Images.

Definition and Examples of Jargon

Definition and Examples of Jargon Language alludes to the specific language of an expert or word related gathering. While this language is frequently helpful or important for those inside the gathering, it is generally good for nothing to untouchables. A few callings have such a great amount of language of their own that it has its own name; for instance, legal advisors use legalese, while scholastics use academese. Language is additionally some of the time known as dialect or cant. A section of content that if loaded with language is supposed to be jargony. Key Takeaways: Jargon Language is the mind boggling language utilized by specialists in a specific order or field. This language regularly assists specialists with speaking with clearness and accuracy. Language is unique in relation to slang, which is the easygoing language utilized by a specific gathering of individuals. Pundits of language accept such language accomplishes more to cloud than explain; they contend that most language can be supplanted with straightforward, direct language without relinquishing meaning. Supporters of language accept such language is important for exploring the complexities of specific callings. In logical fields, for example, specialists investigate troublesome subjects that most laypeople would not have the option to comprehend. The language the specialists utilize must be exact in light of the fact that they are managing complex ideas (atomic science, for instance, or atomic material science) and improving the language may create turmoil or make space for mistake. In Taboo Language, Keith Allan and Kate Burridge contend this is the situation: Should language be censored? Many individuals think it should. However, close assessment of language shows that, albeit some of it is vacuous pretentiousness...its legitimate use is both important and unobjectionable. Pundits of language, be that as it may, state such language is unnecessarily confounded and at times even purposely intended to prohibit pariahs. American writer David Lehman has portrayed language as the verbal skillful deception that causes the old cap to appear to be recently in vogue. He says the language gives a quality of curiosity and presumptive significance to thoughts that, whenever expressed straightforwardly, would appear to be shallow, stale, paltry, or bogus. In his renowned exposition Politics and the English Language, George Orwell contends that dark and complex language is regularly used to make lies sound honest and murder good, and to give an appearance of strength to unadulterated breeze. Language versus Slang Language ought not be mistaken for slang, which is casual, informal language in some cases utilized by a gathering (or gatherings) of individuals. The principle distinction is one of register; language is formal language one of a kind to a particular order or field, while slang is normal, casual language that is bound to be spoken than composed. A legal advisor examining an amicus curiae brief is a case of language. A teenager looking at making mixture is a case of slang. Rundown of Jargon Words Language can be found in an assortment of fields, from law to instruction to building. A few instances of language include: Due persistence: A business term, due determination alludes to the examination that ought to be done before making a significant business decision.AWOL: Short for missing without leave, AWOL is military language used to portray an individual whose whereabouts are unknown.Hard duplicate: A typical term in business, the scholarly community, and different fields, a printed copy is a physical printout of an archive (instead of an electronic copy).Cache: In processing, reserve alludes to a spot for shorts of detritivores incorporate night crawlers, ocean cucumbers, and millipedes. All encompassing: Another word for far reaching or complete, all encompassing is regularly utilized by instructive experts regarding educational program that centers around social and enthusiastic learning in extra to customary lessons.Magic slug: This is a term for a straightforward arrangement that takes care of an intricate issue. (It is typically utilized contemptuously, as in I dont think this arrangement youve concoct is an enchantment bullet.)Best practice: In business, a best practice is one that ought to be embraced in light of the fact that it has demonstrated viability.

November Updates - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

November Updates - UGA Undergraduate Admissions November Updates We are now loading documents into our system following the release of Early Action decisions. Because electronic documents are received and processed much more quickly than paper, we are up-to-date with documents sent through GACollege411 and Docufide. If you have sent something online through either of these (and it was more than 2 business days ago), it should be showing as received in your myStatus. Documents that were submitted through the mail will take a little longer to match up as we were unable to add items to files for a little over two weeks in preparation for Early Action decisions. If you have submitted a paper document to us within the last two weeks and it is not showing as received, please be patient with us as we work as quickly as possible to match this material. The deadline for Regular Decision is January 15. All Regular Decision applicants and deferred Early Action applicants will have until January 15 to submit required material. We are able to accept January test scores as long as you designate UGA as a school to automatically receive your scores.If you are planning on applying Regular Decision, we do not suggest waiting until the deadline to apply. Please remember to continue monitoring your myStatus as you submit material! Go Dawgs!

Marketing Philosophy - 1185 Words

MKT 101 Principles of Marketing Assignment 1- Essay Submitted To: Ashraf U Bhuiyan Submitted By: Afif Abdul Fattah ID# 2009-3-10-069 [pic] In the modern world, marketers want to build a customer driven marketing strategy for creating lasting customer relationships. To do this, they can use one of the five marketing management philosophies- production, product, selling, marketing and societal marketing concept. The appropriateness of these philosophies depends on the nature of the business and target market. Now we will discuss each of these philosophies for a particular product and compare them. The product is Prius, a hybrid car built by Toyota Motor Corporation. Marketing management Philosophies: ( Production†¦show more content†¦In the modern world one of the most important problems is energy crisis. Prius is the most fuel efficient and low emission motor vehicle according to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[1] So, Toyota is not only concerned about the customer needs but also society’s well-being. ( Product Concept vs. Selling Concept: In the selling concept, the aim often is to sell what the company makes rather than making what market wants. But in product concept the company at least makes improved version of products. For example, Toyota has improved Prius several times to attract more customers in American market.[2] Customers may not be pleased by watching impressive TV commercials but having a better product. So, in contrast with selling concept, product concept is more appropriate. ( Product Concept vs. Marketing Concept: The problem about product concept is that, company often too narrowly focuses on the company’s products rather than customer needs. But marketing concept understands customer needs better. The job of marketing concept is to create better solution of the customers’ problem rather than making better version of company’s products. By doing this marketing concept builds lasting profitable relationships with the customers. So, we can conclude that marketing serves better than the product concept. (Show MoreRelatedMarketing : Marketing Management Philosophy Essay770 Words   |  4 Pages MARKETING REFLECTION Every company has different idea and philosophies. Under marketing management philosophy there are five concepts. 1. Production Concept Consumers prefer products which are widely, easily available and cheap. Key features of this approach are: high production, mass distribution and low cost. This concept generally works in a developing country like India. Companies assume that consumers need this product hence they will buy itRead MoreMarketing As A Business Philosophy1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe concept of marketing to many people can often be simply perceived as trying to sell a product. Although, marketing is much broader than trying to sell products, it’s a philosophy that is complex which has many internal and external factors that all link back to the customer and value, which benefits should exceed the costs for both exchanging parties. This essay will initially explore the focus of marketing as a business philosophy and then explain the rationale behind the idea of successfulRead MoreMarketing Philosophy of Nestle2200 Words   |  9 PagesMarketing Marketing considers a given companies ability to satisfy the needs of a its targeted customers within a market which in return helps the company achieve its aims and objectives which are outlined in a mission statement. Introduction to Nestle Nestle is a globally recognised organisation founded by Henri Nestle in 1866 in Switzerland. Nestle claim to be the ‘worlds leading nutrition, health and wellness company’ and their mission is ‘Good Food and Good Life’. the Swiss organisation employeeRead MoreUsing example to analyse the five philosophies of marketing.1863 Words   |  8 Pagesrecently more and more people focus the importance of concept of Marketing because it has already improved the peoples viewpoint which how to deal the business. However, one of the most persistent conceptual problems in marketing is its definition. In the light of Philip Kotler, marketing definition consist of social definition and managerial definition. (Kotler, 2000, p7-8). According to the British Chartered Institute of Marketing, Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipatingRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Marketing And Effect1251 Words   |  6 PagesObviously, you may google persuasion † that is â€Å"and examine for hours. Just how do you know which to toss and which advice to take?. Believe it or not, concepts of persuasion remain constant. The recognized expert in marketing and effect is John Cialdini, whose Influence: The Psychology of Marketing, ground breaking work, retains a copyright date of 1984. (Budzowski, 2012) Here is an overview of the 6 principles of persuasion: Principle of reciprocation Provided that each and every individual tradition usesRead MoreEpistobabble Warfare1364 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION The article â€Å"Marketing: philosophy of science and â€Å"epistobabble warfare† is a commentary by the author Michel Rod published as a qualitative research in an International Journal, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 120- 129. Throughout the article Rod articulated his viewpoints on the variety of philosophies involved in legitimizing the science of marketing research and sought to establish his own perspective of what he actually believes marketing research should accomplish. This was stated inRead MoreEthical Decision Making And Religious Faith Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesand ethics including that of decision making: Moral decision making is frequently touched by one’s faith. However, the amount to which faith impacts moral decisions is very difficult to determine. 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As manifested by my own experiences, if someone would have told me fifteen years ago, that I was to complete my college education onlineRead More Business Ethics Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pages Business Ethics Ethics is a branch of philosophy that inquires into the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong (â€Å"ethics,† Collegiate). Ethics is not primarily concerned with the description of moral systems in societies. That task, which remains on the level of description, is one for anthropology or sociology. In contrast, ethics deals with the justification of moral principles. A Brief History of the Study of Ethics Ethics has been studiedRead MoreSigmund Freud in The Century of the Self Documentary by Adam Curtis1830 Words   |  8 PagesMarxist belief which recognizes a state of mind of a person or an assembly of individuals who don’t comprehend their class interests. A number of people who are academically affiliated with the Marxist practice trace the notions’ foundation to a philosophy initially established by Marx, well-known as commodity fetishism. Commodity fetishism is the notion that societies place a worth on merchandises separately from those they intrinsically have. For instance, a diamond, as soon as it grew into a

Girl Term - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1216 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Literature Essay Type Definition Essay Level High school Tags: Empowerment Essay Did you like this example? A girl is a term used to refer to a female being who has not reached adulthood.it is the stage between birth and adulthood, before she is seen to as a woman. A girl is also nicknamed as a young woman. The author of the short story girl is talking about a daughter receiving guidance from her mother on how to handle herself and the people around her. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Girl Term" essay for you Create order The daughter was to know how to handle men, how to push through with daily chores and how to maintain her dignity as a young woman. The author further talks about woman empowerment and the rules that govern traditions and customs of the society. (Definition of GIRL) Woman empowerment is defined as the opportunity a girl child is given to deliver what she is right in.Woman empowerment fights for the rights of a girl child whereby, she is supposed to be given equal chances as the boy child on matters like education and responsibilities although some of them differ. Although the locality of the story is not mentioned, it is believed to have come from West Indies because of the traditions and storyline of the people used in it. As the mother was advising the child, she allowed obstruction only when the daughter was justifying herself or when she had a question to ask on the topic discussed. Womanhood is defined as how a woman maintains cleanliness in the house and its environment near her. A woman should not only consider looks or how much makeup she can apply to be seen prettier but how clean she is with house chores.A woman is seen as a keeper. (Shri Harini Media Limited.) She should be superior when it comes to the environment around the house by ensuring cleanliness. It is seen as suicidal when a woman breaks the rule of purity. Motherly advice is given from one generation to the next generation.it is essential as a girl child to listen and learn to provide the same information to your future children. As part of the opinion, the mother is supposed to teach her daughter the customs and traditions of their community. Customs and traditions are expected to be followed strictly since breaking them is a taboo. The mother in the short story girl continued advising her daughter on the things she should do and what she should not.She showed her how to set the table for tea, lunch, and supper. Presentation of food is necessary because clean and well-arranged food increases appetite. She was shown how to iron her fathers khaki trousers to avoid creases. This was to prepare her for the ironing of her future husbands clothes. She was warned against entertaining wharf-rat boys because she would appear as a slut or contract sexually transmitted diseases or get pregnant. She was shown how sweeping of the whole house, the yard and the corners of the house since edges are the hideouts of dust and cobwebs. Smiling is a weapon to express love to people around, so she was shown how to laugh to people she does not like at all, people she likes entirely and those she does not like too much. When planting the okra, it is necessary to grow it away from the house since it is a habitant of red ants that are harmful. (P.228-229) She was told that sheen requires a lot of water while growing to avoid the itching of the throat while eating. She was taught how to sew buttons and make buttonholes on shirts trousers and dresses. How to make hems on a skirt coming down to avoid people mistaking her for a slut she is not. In the presence of men she does not know well, she was guided on how to behave well to avoid being judged.Squatting to pick marbles was not allowed since she is not a boy. Picking of flowers was not allowed because she would touch things that were not that good. Throwing of stones at the blackbird was also not allowed since she could mistakenly kill other birds thinking they were all blackbirds. She was shown how to make doukona (is a boiled cake made of potato), bread pudding and a pepper pot. These are some of the meals eaten by the West Indians. She was further guided on how to make good medicine for the cold, when to throw medication that was not good for consumption and how the drugs for child ren are made. She was shown how to soak fish in salt overnight before cooking, how to prepare it, how to throw it back if not needed and how to avoid predicaments. She was shown to differentiate between men who truly loves her, when she is being bullied and when to intimidate a man. Clothes are to be washed daily, and she is supposed to soak white garments immediately they are taken off. White clothes and colored are to be cleaned on different days dried on a stone heap and folded neatly. She is supposed to choose clothes made of cotton with no gum to stretch while washing or drying to avoid loss of shape. (Siqueira) On Sunday she is not supposed to sing benna in church or give directions to the boys. She should avoid eating on the streets since it is seen as unethical and she may be misquoted. She was shown how to cook pumpkin in hot oil to make them taste yummy. Practice makes perfect. Although she may forget some of the steps taught, she was not supposed to give up but continue trying. She was finally told to behave in her best behavior so that she would not be denied favors if she requested for any or lose her dignity. The girl child was to act as the pillar of the family. She was supposed to take care of the children and the husband. Also, the extended relatives looked up to her for both physical and moral support. Her multitasking ability was to be seen when doing so many tasks at a go just to keep everything in order. The novel summarizes the roles and rights of the girl child. She is taught what to do and what she should fight for instead of letting anyone oppress her. The mother vividly advised her daughter not to give up even if things dont seem to go the right way. The passage of advice from one generation to another helps in the maintenance of dignity, customs, and traditions from one generation to another. I can conclude by saying the mother in this story was strict since she did not want to be distracted at all while giving advice.it is good for the daughter to listen and learn because she would be the role model to the generation to come. (P.228-229) Works Cited Definition of GIRL. Dictionary by Merriam-Webster: Americas Most-trusted Online Dictionary, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/girl. Shri Harini Media Limited. Groups and Discussions on Child Development Parent circle. Parenting India Magazine, Parenting Tips, and Advice, Child Development ParentCircle, www.parentcircle.com/circles/all/. Siqueira, Renita. Welcome The Girl Child Parentcircle. Parenting India Magazine, Parenting Tips and Advice, Child Development ParentCircle, 12 July 2017, www.parentcircle.com/article/welcome-the-girl-child.

Modern Myths Free Essays

Modern myths still pervade North American societies. Many of these modern myths were the products of Indian folklore or pre-modern American society. Although many claimed that such myths were a form of religious fanaticism or fervor, it can be argued that they were the result of historical speculation of early North American societies of their immediate environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Myths or any similar topic only for you Order Now These modern myths are nonetheless powerful and to some extent influenced the behavior of many noted American personalities. Here is an example of a modern North American myth. Urban Legend: Bloody Mary (Schlosser, 2006) There was a young woman who sleeps deep in the forest. Her livelihood was selling herbal medicines in a nearby village. The townspeople though regarded her as a witch; hence no one dared to approach her, even the hardest criminal in the area. Many believed that whoever talk or approach her would be cursed or sold to the devil. She was feared indeed. Then, little girls in the town began to disappear. No traces of the girls were found. Families of the disappeared girls began to search; in the farms, barnyards, and even the forest. Some of the men went to the house of Bloody Mary, but altogether she denied all allegations. The men noted that Bloody Mary looked younger and more attractive. They became suspicious of Bloody Mary, although no proof cold be found. Then one night, the daughter of the miller rose from her sleep and began to walk outside as if following an incantation. The wife of the miller saw the incident and reported it immediately to her husband. The two restrained the girl indiscriminately in order to prevent her from breaking away. Many people were awakened by the cries of the couple. Then, a farmer shouted that the cause of the incident is coming from the woods. Then, some people saw Bloody Mary holding a magic wand pointed to the house of the miller. When Bloody Mary saw the angry townspeople, she fled to the woods. A keen shooter farmer loaded his gun with silver bullets and shot the witch in the hip. Bloody Mary was carried by the townspeople to the field, where a large bonfire was awaiting her death. As Bloody Mary burned, she screamed a curse. If anyone mentioned her name before a darkened mirror, she would send her spirit to revenge upon them for her death. Unmarked graves of the little girls were found by the townspeople. They learned that Bloody Mary used to drink the blood of her victims to make her young again. It was passed on from generations to generations that whoever chants Bloody Mary three times on a darkened mirror, this would summon the vengeful spirit and rips the body and soul of the person. Social Significance of the Myth (Bloody Mary) The social significance of the myth discussed above can be seen in the various movies and accreditation the myth received from the movie industry. The myth is a powerful tool of revenue creation as with this specific industry. In the past 30 years, there were about 500 versions of this myth, all focusing on the â€Å"horror† part of the film, that is, the darkened mirror and the chanting of the words â€Å"Bloody Mary.† It is of no doubt that because Bloody Mary films became successful ventures, it is right to assume that its basis, the original myth, still exerts considerable influence on the part of the audience. According to the Encyclopedia of Folklore and Literature, urban legends and myths are usually defined as â€Å"apocryphal contemporary stories, told as true and usually attributed to as friend of a friend.† In most instances, the myth of Bloody Mary is perceived to be true by virtue of the fact that the story is assumed to be true by the storyteller. Although the story is non-existential or in short not real, the audience may find it true because of the way the â€Å"channel.† Because the channel presents the story as â€Å"true†, the receiver nonetheless assumes it to be also true. The channel here maybe defined as â€Å"the means of acquiring the information about the particular myth or urban legend (as in this case).† Movies and bonfire storytelling are the most efficient and effective means of transmitting the myth from one person to the other, without losing the track of credibility. It is no wonder that most Bloody Mary films are inconclusive, that is, they left the audience wondering whether the myth was true or not (to make a room for affirmation of the myth). Now it is safe to assume that even in North American societies, particularly in the United States, the myth of Bloody Mary pervades in some aspects of life. Children, particularly girls, are told of the story of Bloody Mary by their parents as a means for exacting obedience (negative reinforcement). For those in their teenage years, the story of Bloody Mary serves as a background check for their behavior.   They prevent themselves from going to forests without the guide of adult individuals. They also stay away from dark places with mirrors for fear that the myth may prove to be true. Although for them, the story of Bloody Mary is factual since there were individuals who reported that they saw Bloody Mary ripping the body of their friends. Going back to the definition of a myth or urban legend, the storyteller assumes that his/her story is true in order for the audience to feel its negative effect (affirmation of the story). There were reported cases when robbers were scared to their â€Å"pants† when they entered a house (without electricity) with a darkened mirror in the entertainment room. There were also reported cases when a man brushing her teeth in a nightclub and jokingly uttered Bloody Mary three times. A face appeared before him. He ran outside the club shouting that Bloody Mary did exist. He promised that he would never visit the nightclub. The woman who appeared to him was a prostitute, not Bloody Mary. This proves that even though the myth is not real, people usually perceives it as real. The primary cause of such behavior is the channel that make the story real or â€Å"seem real.† The myth is as powerful as before. Although it can be assumed that its effects on the values of an individual may be accidental and in many cases derived from the characters of Bloody Mary films. References Schlosser, S.E. 2006. Bloody Mary. URL http://americanfolklore.net/folklore/2009/10/bloody_mary.html. Retrieved September 19, 2007. 1800 Myths, Legends, and Folklore Links. URL http://www.mysteries-megasite.com/. Retrieved September 19, 2007. How to cite Modern Myths, Essay examples

Financial Analysis AGLs Performance

Question: Describe about the Financial Analysis for AGLs Performance. Answer: Executive Summary The report given aims to highlight AGLs performance in FY2015 and compare the same with the previous year i.e. FY2014. Besides, a competitor has also been chosen in the form of Genesis Energy and performance is compared for the corresponding time period. The differences in the ratios of the two companies have been explored and based on this analysis investment advice has been given to the reader. Introduction AGL Energy is an Australia based integrated energy company which is involved in the complete energy value chain right from generation to marketing and distribution, The retailing of electricity is extended not only to residential customers but also commercial customers. The company even though was founded in 1837 but has assumed the current name only in 2006. The company has a host of coal based and gas based power plants and also focuses on the renewable segment namely wind, hydro and solar. The company boasts of having the largest portfolio of renewable energy plants in the Australian private sector (AGL Energy, 2015) Genesis energy is a Auckland based company which was formed on the back of energy reform way back at the turn of the millennium. Besides, electricity generation, the company also deals with LPG and natural gas retailing. The company has dual listing on both ASX and New Zealand Stock Exchange. It is a dominant player in the NZ market accounting for 42% and 26% market share with regards to retailing of natural gas and electricity respectively. With regards to electricity generation capacity, also, the company is the third largest private sector company in NZ (Genesis Energy, 2015). Income Statement AGL Energy The revenue growth is lacklustre for the year FY2015 and has come primarily on account of the acquisition of the New Energy Ltd. However, the concerning aspect for the company should be the muted growth in profits as on one hand the energy markets division continues to deliver stellar performance but the other operations has posted a significant loss which have tapered the gains made by the energy markets business. The requisite profitability ratios for AGL Energy over the period 2014-2015 are summarised below (AGL Energy, 2015) The above ratios indicate the lacklustre performance of the company in the year FY2015 when both ROA and net profit margin have witnessed a drop. One of the contributory reasons is the lack of growth in the revenue in certain segments of the energy markets particularly in the renewable energy segment. Further, with regards to profitability margins, the renewable energy segment has been a drag on the energy markets segment which otherwise would have posted even stellar results on the back of growth in the wholesale markets. Additionally, integration costs totalling to $15 million have been incurred for integration of New Energy Ltd in FY2015. However, the single largest factor that has contributed to reduced profitability is the other operations business segment which has operating losses. With regards to ROA, besides decreasing profit, the rising total assets also have made a contribution (AGL Energy, 2015) Balance Sheet AGL Energy With regards to the FY2015 balance sheet, only fixed assets and current liabilities have experienced significant change, however, the current assets have continued to retain their level. The increase in fixed assets in FY2015 has been to the extent of $ 1.6 billion primarily due to investment by the company in PPE. Also, the short term borrowings have surged by $ 398 million in FY2015, thus leading to the higher current liabilities at the end of FY2015. The relevant liquidity and capital structure ratios for the company are given below (AGL Energy, 2015) The above values suggest that short term liquidity ratios have shown a declining trend in FY2015. However, this is due to the constant level of current asset but an increase in the current liabilities level due to higher short term borrowings as explained above. Further, since the company is into energy retailing, hence inventories are typically lower sue to which quick ratio and current ratio both are above one. With regards to the long term liquidity, a critical parameter is debt to equity ratio which has decrease in FY2015. This is despite the fact that there has been an increase in the total liabilities. However, the increase in equity has been substantial primarily because of two reasons. One, the company has issued new shares to the tune of $ 1.2 billion in FY2015. Also, there has been contribution of the retained earnings from the income statement. This surge in equity is also responsible for increasing equity ratio despite the increase in total assets (AGL Energy, 2015). Cash Flow - AGL Energy The cash flow statement primarily consists of three major elements i.e. cash from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities. In the year FY2015, cash flow from operating activities increased by $ 443 million because the suppliers and employers were given lower payments in cash. The investing cashflow saw a huge jump in the cash outflow due to the company acquiring New Energy for $ 1.4 billion approximately. There was a net outflow in cash flow due to financing due to increase in repayment of loans in FY2015 as compared to the previous year (AGL Energy, 2015) Market Performance AGL Energy The market performance parameters for AGL Energy are summarised below. (AGL Energy, 2015) It is evident from the ratios above that there has been a decline in the EPS of the company which has been contributed to by both the declining profitability of the company along with rise in the total outstanding shares of the company as the share capital saw a significant in the year Fy2015. The company has significantly increased the dividends paid to the increased shareholders which caused a rise in the per share dividend and is incremental for shareholders (AGL Energy, 2015) Performance Comparison AGL Energy and Genesis Energy The comparison in the performance of the two companies is captured in the table outlined below ((AGL Energy, 2015;Genesis Energy, 2014). Profitability In FY2014, while AGL Energy leads in terms of profitability, the picture has turned upside down in FY2015 when Genesis Energy has the edge. Further, considering the lacklustre performance of the renewable segment in the absence of a stable climate policy in Australia, it is expected that underperformance would continue unless definite policy stance emerges and also the prices of CER recover globally (AGL, 2015) Liquidity- Both the companies do not face any short term liquidity crisis since the current ratio and acid ratio are maintained at level above one. The corresponding ratios for AGL is higher than Genesis primarily because of higher account receivables for the former owing to wholesale consumer portfolio. Gearing The gearing ratios for the companies seems similar and simultaneously hint that no liquidity issues are expected in the near future foe any company. Also, the operating profits generated by both company is healthy enough so as to meet the interest obligation (Petty et. al, 2015). Market performance While in absolute terms the EPS of AGL Energy may be higher but the growth potential seems to be higher for Genesis Energy which has registered a growth of 100% in the EPS in FY2015. This is also confirmed from the high P/E ratio in excess of 20 for Genesis as compared to P/E of 6-7 for AGL Energy. Similar case is witnessed in case of dividends where in absolute terms, AGL has the edge but in terms of dividend yield, Genesis is better off. Efficiency Ratios- The higher debtor turnover observed in case of Genesis may be explained on the basis of difference in revenue contribution of wholesale segments for the two companies. Conclusion The above trend analysis coupled with ratio analysis, hints to the fact that the performance of AGL Energy has diminished in the year FY2015 as compared to the previous year. This trend is also observed in the companys stock price which has been range bound. However, the Genesis company has showed a stellar performance with both topline and bottomline growth. However, it is imperative that these historical trends should be viewed cautiously as future trends may be significantly different (Damodaran, 2008). Also, it is possible that the accounting policies of the companies may not be same due to which the ratios may not be comparable. Further, the two players operate in two different markets and hence the woes of AGL may be attributed to uncertain policy regime in Australia (Parrino Kidwell, 2011). Recommendations Based on the limited analysis that has been conducted above, it is recommended that investment should be made in the competitor i.e. Genesis energy. The factors favouring this decision are highlighted below (Brealey, Myers Allen, 2008). High dividend yield of 5-7% on the stock. High growth potential offered by the company in the NZ market which is also captured by the high P/E ratio. Low leverage and dominant position which can be further leveraged to enhance coverage and thereby drive greater growth. References AGL Energy 2015, Annual Report 2015, Available online from https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/media-centre/article-list/2015/august/agl-annual-report-2015 (Accessed on August 31, 2015) Brealey, R, Myers, S Allen, F 2008, Principles of Corporate Finance (Global edition), 10th edn, McGraw Hill Publications, New York Damodaran, A 2008, Corporate Finance, 2nd edn, Wiley Publications, London Genesis Energy 2015, Annual Report 2015, Available online from https://www.genesisenergy.co.nz/documents/10180/2699552/Genesis+Energy+Annual+Report+FY2015.pdf/fa13f57b-fd37-4262-9bb2-5c591a55aab3 (Accessed on August 31, 2016) Parrino, R Kidwell, D 2011, Fundamentals of Corporate Finance, 3rd edn, Wiley Publications, London Petty, JW, Titman, S, Keown, AJ, Martin, P, Martin JD Burrow, M 2015, Financial Management: Principles and Applications,6th edn, Pearson Australia, Sydney

White Privilege And Affirmative Action Essay Example For Students

White Privilege And Affirmative Action Essay White Privilege and Affirmative Action Privilege is defined as â€Å"a special advantage or authority possessed by a particular person or group† in the Cambridge Dictionary (â€Å"privilege†). Globally, white individuals are often granted privileges than minority groups do not receive. While white privilege often goes unnoticed by white individuals, it causes many disadvantages for people of color and affects how they see themselves. Furthermore, Affirmative Action attempts to equal the playing field for minorities but is faced with contention by many white people. When asked about white privilege, many whites believe that it is a myth while others deny the existence of white privilege entirely. We will write a custom essay on White Privilege And Affirmative Action specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, white privilege is not a myth. White privilege is very prevalent in society and uniquely effects many different groups. Peggy McIntosh discusses white privilege in her article â€Å"White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.† McIntosh states, â€Å"I have come to see while privilege as an invisible package of unearned assets which I can count on cashing in each day, but about which I was, meant to remain oblivious† (par. 3). While white privilege benefits whites, it often has an adverse effect on people of color. White privilege comes in many forms. One white privilege is that being white is seen as normal. This is evident when looking at product sold in â€Å"flesh color.† Bandages, hosiery, and undergarments are often marketed as â€Å"flesh tone† but are sold in tones that match white skin (McIntosh par. 8; Holladay par. 5). It is normal to see prominently white representation in toys, products, advertisements, movies, and television (McIntosh par. 8). In 2007, Rothenburg did a study regarding racial identity in children (McFeeters par. 6). Ro. . n. Many individuals oppose Affirmative Action. There has been several court case but courts often agree with Affirmative Action plans along as the plan follows rules set forth by executive orders and the Civil Rights Act. Those opposed often say that Affirmative Action is â€Å"reverse racism.† Individuals against Affirmative Action feeling can be best describe with this quote â€Å"Equality can feel like oppression. But it’s not. What you’re feeling is just the discomfort of losing a little bit of your privilege† (Boeskool par. 21). White privilege can be seen in society today. White individual greatly benefit from this privilege, often times without realizing or completely denying that they are receiving a privilege. People of color are very aware of these privileges that they are often denied. People of color and minorities suffer as a direct result from white privilege.

The Life of William Golding †English Essay

The Life of William Golding – English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Life of William Golding English Essay Golding enrolled in World War II, as a part of the Royal Navy, in 1940, just after marrying Ann Brookfield. He started as just a sailor, but later decided to become an officer. While taking his exam to become one, he was asked a question about landmines and responded elaborately and in such detail that he was almost instantly promoted and sent to a secret research center. He liked this study and analysis until an accident when he â€Å"blew himself up.† Resigning from this work, he was sent instead to Scotland and a mine-sweeper school and then transferred again to New York and waited while a mine-sweeper was built for six months. When he finally returned, the mine-sweepers were no longer needed so he was put in charge of a rocket-launching craft in time for the 1944 invasion. Once during the invasion, he was ordered to travel through a narrow channel which could have easily resulted in destruction and many deaths to his crew. His orders were changed, however, before he could embark on this dangerous task and the members of his crew criticized him for his obvious disappointment at missing this opportunity. His crew, obviously, was not disappointed for not having to risk their lives in th e war. (Gindin) The effects of the war on Golding were serious, crucial, and had an impact on the rest of his life. He recognized the fact that â€Å"in the past he had been naà ¯ve and adolescent, that the war had demonstrated all the horrendous cruelties of which man was capable.† (Gindin, 4). It was several years after World War II that Golding’s views were finally revealed to the public. His novel, Lord of the Flies, was rejected by 21 publishers before becoming available for the people. The Coral Island, written by R.M. Ballantyne, served as one of Golding’s main sources when writing his book Lord of the Flies. The two novels essential views openly contradict each other. Golding takes a pessimistic standpoint on society, where as Ballantyne’s perspective is much more optimistic, action-packed, and upbeat. The Coral Island is a story of three boys shipwrecked on an island in the Pacific Ocean. Ralph Rover the narrator, Jack, and Peterkin create a peaceful, serene society despite the violent environment around them. Battling typhoons, wild pigs, and unfriendly visitors, the boys still manage to create an enjoyable surrounding from the few supplies they are left with, and create fire by rubbing two sticks together. The boys build a boat together and sail to nearby islands, and though they get in several disagreements and fights with the neighboring tribes they eventually return to civilization wiser and more mature. (http://selfknowledge.com/coril1 0.htm) The bright and cheerful mood of The Coral Island is not replicated in Golding’s novel. Golding, after being deeply affected by his war experiences, disagreed with the overall idea of Ballantyne’s book. Golding believed that man was inherently evil, and this is portrayed in Lord of the Flies. Despite the contradicting theses, however, there are several obvious parallels from Ballantyne’s novel to Golding’s. The character names, for example, could not have been a coincidence. The main characters in Lord of the Flies are named Ralph, Jack, Simon, and Piggy, similar to the protagonists in The Coral Island. The setting of both novels is a remote island, and the appearance of an officer during the falling action of the plot occurs in both Golding’s and Ballantyne’s books. Golding includes these parallels to emphasize his disagreement. Man is evil by nature, and would not prosper if removed from a civilized society but rather would digress t o a primitive state. Research Papers on The Life of William Golding - English EssayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMind TravelWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Hockey GameCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Steve Jobs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Steve Jobs - Assignment Example revealed that his experience with experimenting on electronic items began when he was about 5 years with his father’s support and guidance; this experience rooted curiosity, passion and experimentation attitude in Jobs. Steve Jobs was known to have an incredibly curious nature; was a quick learner and had a great love for reading. As a child, Jobs was strongly determined, stubborn, and highly focused on things what interested him rather than what he was meant to do. His interest in electronics kept intensifying as time passed, which earned him friends with similar interests (Imbimbo, 2009). Steve’s first introduction to the world of computers happened when he was 12, at Hewlett-Packard office, which fascinated him to the core, and was the root cause of the revolution he later brought into the world of computers. Apart from electronics, Steve had an inclination towards music and played trumpet. He had a flair for artistic things, for example, calligraphy, which later helped him to design fonts for the Macintosh computer. Jobs was known for his inspiring speeches, referred to as Stevenotes; thousands of people would gather to listen to Steve speak about his new inventions every time (Imbimbo, 2009). Along with his friend Steve Wozniak, Jobs designed a computer which later became the Apple I computer. To make more of such computers, both raised money by selling their personal items and started working on their new R&D project, which was called the Apple Computers in 1976 (Rockman, 2004). Jobs along with Wozniak created the Apple II, and Apple III. Steve Jobs was instrumental in launching the Macintosh. After managing Apple Computers Inc for some time, Jobs left Apple and joined Next Inc in 1985. However, Jobs returned to Apple in 1996, which revolutionalised the world of computers, mobile phones and music with the invention of MacBook, iPhones, iPod and iTunes music software, all meant for consumer markets (Armstrong & Kotler, 2010). As a leader,

Communitiies Of Practice (COP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Communitiies Of Practice (COP) - Essay Example The CoP could also meet on a regular basis or depends on the common availability of the members. Likewise, due to the advancement of technology, the members could also utilize the computer and internet, i.e. group sites, web pages, e-mail, blogs, wikis, podcasting, and/or file sharing to keep connected and updated.2 The practice of CoP had long been existed throughout the society. In fact, it had been observed and practiced in the classical Greece wherein the Greeks were subdivided and lived according to their shared common interests and beliefs. The people who have the same crafts such as the metalworkers, potters, masons, etc. belonged to the same group because they work and learn together. Each group had their own business function in which they were responsible to share their skills and spread the innovation through training and coaching apprentices/novices. Whilst, each group had shared social purpose wherein they â€Å"worshipped the same god and goddesses and celebrated holid ays together.† 3The practice had been very common; however, the term was only coined recently by Etienne Wenger and Jean Lave. Originally, the term was used to name a group of traditional African tailors who couched and trained their apprentices. 4 Further, the two have concluded that learning could be a two-way process wherein the apprentices could learn from their masters/instructors and vice versa. Since then the two researchers have expanded the CoP concept and had been widely incorporated in organizations, government, businesses, teams, work groups, corporations and among others. Etienne Wenger and William Snyder have considered community of practice as an important instrument because it could improve organizational performance as long as it is implemented accordingly. The advantages of CoP have included its ability to drive strategy. Several organizations have proven this, i.e. the World Bank. Since, they had integrated in their management the concept of CoP; they become â€Å"knowledge bank†5 because they had provided their customers’ high-quality information as well as they gained know-how on economic development. Likewise, the CoP could also start new lines of businesses. An example of this was the one cited by Wegner and Snyder, wherein a group of consultants created a community and they decided to meet regularly at the airport after their engagement with their clients to discuss over their common interests. After a couple of years, this group had established a new line of business that offered financial services due to community of practice. The CoP could also used to solve problems quickly. The practical reason is that members of the CoP could share their problems and could ask the assistance of their co-members to find solution with their problems. In the same manner that their counterparts could extend their help because they knew the problem and they could identify the best solutions to common problems. For example, a man had asked from his CoP on how to improve his writing skills. Since, they share the same interest, many of his expert co-members have responded via net within 24 hours. Luckily, many of them have provided the best and easiest writing techniques. Further, it could also transfer best practices because they â€Å"do much more than work on specific problems. 6 In an organization or company, it was considered as the best and ideal venue for sharing and disseminating best practices and knowledge. One of the most successful examples of

Essy on South China Sea Dispute

Essy on South China Sea Dispute The main idea of the South China Sea dispute is a series of complex, legal, technical and geographic components critical to understanding the dispute. However, the issues involving territory and sovereignty are the most pervasive security problems facing the region especially after the cold war. It is considered to be a major flashpoint for the conflict in East Asia as the significances is the assumed presence of natural resources such as oil, hydrocarbon, manganese nodules and fish after the cold war, its strategic location is straddling as the worlds second busiest international sea lane in South East Asia. Its small features and indeterminate maritime regime are the subject of conflicting claims among China and Taiwan and four member-countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Therefore, this research aims to study the historical background and the evolution of the South China Sea Dispute, and its conflict management and resolution. In this case, there are several impacts from internal and external factors related to the claimants. However, it is thus possible to state that the dispute is difficult to be solved by using one approach among the parties as its commitment has been both limited and ambiguous behind, involved with territory, maritime zone and the rich resources assumed existed in the South China Sea. Meanwhile the relations between the conflicting parties have been at a level where their behavior does not seem threatening and the militarization is unlikely used to solve the problem. The author will examine the Impact of ASEAN and the U.S. involving in this issue and its role as well as the approaches that have been used in solving the dispute such as CBMs, ARF, and the Indonesian workshop, with a view to proposing the possibility of the conflict solutions towards, the process on Code of conduct, multilateral Conflict Resolutions and other joint development cooperation over the existing resources. INTRODUCTION After the cold war, the South China Sea is considered to be a major flashpoint as the significances of these islands are the assumed presence of natural resources such as oil, hydrocarbon, manganese nodules and fish, as well as their strategic location straddling as the worlds second busiest  international sea lane in South East Asia. Several countries1thus claim sovereignty over parts of these waters for several decades2. Since the nature of this dispute has become political, a number of political efforts for peaceful settlement have been increasing. 1 ASEAN Countries: Brunei, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam. And other two disputants: China and Taiwan. 2 Noel M. Novicio, Introduction, in The South china Sea Dispute in Philippine Foreign policy: Problem (Singapore : Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 2003) The three million square kilometers South China Sea is the maritime heart of Southeast Asia. It is two thirds the size of the combined land territory of all the ASEAN states. Most Southeast Asian countries have coastlines overlooking or close to the South China Sea. Some would be wary about having to share a common maritime boundary with such a big and increasingly powerful nation as China, or even having it as a very close neighbor. The main idea of the South China Sea dispute is a series of complex, legal, technical and geographic components critical to understanding the dispute. Nonetheless, the issues involving territory and sovereignty are the most pervasive security problems facing the region. Non-claimants most immediate concerns evolve around freedom of navigation through this important sea lane linking Middle East, South Pacific, Southeast and Northeast Asian and the North American markets and resources. Six nations China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, the Philippines and Brunei presently claim the Spratly Islands in part. All except Brunei maintain some form of presence there. Vietnam reportedly has stationed troops on 21 islands, the Philippines on eight, China on six, Malaysia on three and Taiwan on one. Their competing claims are founded on a variety of historical, territorial and legal issues. China claims the Spratly and the Paracel islands as well as the surrounding waters and has attempted to prevent the other claimants, whether Vietnam, the Philippines or Malaysia, from developing the oil and gas potential of their own claim zones. The parties concerned assent to resolve their disputes in the South China Sea through friendly consultations and negotiations in accordance with universally recognized international law, under the 1982 U.N. Convention on the law of the Sea, as well as exercising self restraint and exploring ways for cooperation in the disputed areas. China maintains its absolute sovereignty over the Spratly Islands while support the joint economic development of the disputed areas. China has generally preferred the bilateral negotiations to the use of multinational forum favored by other  claimants. In sum China would appear to see the benefits of diplomacy in the Spratlys dispute, but has stopped short of any commitment with, might limit its future actions3. 3 Mara C. Hurwitt, LCDR, USN. B.A. University of North Carolina, U.S. Strategy in Southeast Asia: The spratly Islands Dispute,(Master Thesis. Fort Leavewoth, Kansa), 1993.pp 1 7 4 Joshua Goldstein, International Relations (New York: Harper Collins College Publisher, 1994), pp. 47-49 Despite a strong initial objection by China, ASEAN manage to place the dispute on the agenda of ARF and claimed some success in dealing with China on the Spratly issue. The collective identity of ASEAN also shows an important step of ASEAN as a bridge of confidence and security building among Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Later on ASEAN and China had adopted the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of the parties in the South China Sea, but no legally binding documents were drawn up. However, the core of the South China Sea dispute remains to be of territorial sovereignty and not law of the sea issues. METHODOLOGY/EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This study uses qualitative The Methodology for this research is descriptive analysis, including the data and relevant information, facts and articles, which are used to support the analytical method to understand and recommend the trend to settle the disputes. The information in this research is mostly from primary sources: speeches and direct quotes of the concerned people through, books and official documents. The interview from the related persons and academic scholars are also included. The secondary sources: updated articles, news concerning the issue form books, newspapers, magazines and websites including relevant research papers and studies addressing on this issue will also be studied. Theoretical Frameworks Realism In World Politics, the Realist Theory has been notable for the international relations since 1919. The ideology of realism mainly focuses on the term of power with a pessimistic view of human natures power, and the pursuit of interest.4 The reason why realism is still the central tradition in the study of word politics (Keohane 1989 a:36) is that it offers something of a manual for  maximizing the interest of state in a hostile environment.5 After the cold war, the Realist theory became dominant as many contemporary realist writers often claimed to rest on an older classical tradition which includes Thucydides (c.460-406 BC), Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 1527) and Thomas Hobbes (1588 1679), with the fact that these realists viewed that state leaders should conduct themselves in the realm of international politics are often grouped under the doctrine of raison d à ©tat, or reason of state together. This also shows how state leader conduct their foreign affairs to ensure the security of the state.6 It is largely seen that realist concludes that the first priority for state leader is to ensure the survival of their state.7 The passion of egotistic behavior and self interest in international politics are significant characteristics.8 There are three core elements that are present in both older and modern realist, statism, survival and self-help, three Ss to elaborate more in the realist concept.9 For Statism, it identifies that state is the key actor while the other actors are less important with the sovereignty as its distinguishing trait. State is the only actors that really count. The other actors rise and fall, unlike State that is permanent.10 The second principle action is the pre-eminent goal. It is the priority for the leaders in order to attain all other goals. And the third one is self help. There is no other state or institution that can be relied on to ensure the survival. 5 Tim Dunne and Brian C.Schmidt, Introduction: the timeless wisdom of realism in The globalization of world Politics: An Introduction to International relations ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (Third edition, NewYork: Oxford University, 2005) 6 Ibid. p.162 7 Ibid. p. 164 8 Jack Donnelly, Realism and International Relation (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p.9 9 Ibid. p.172 10 Ibid. p.173 11 Ibid. pp.69 170 Kenneth Waltzs theory of International Politics has argued that states, especially the great powers, have to be sensitive to the capabilities of other states. Power is a means to the end of security; states however, should consider security rather than power.11 Realism is used to study the background, the nature of the claimant nations and the cause of the dispute behind anxiety to deal with the problem. The past, present and future status of the claimants are also applied by Realism. Neo liberalism This refers to a school of thought who believes that nation-states are, or at least should be, concerned first and foremost with absolute gains rather than relative gains to other nation-states. It is also called Neo liberalism Institutionalism. This school employs game theory to explain why states do or do not cooperate, since their approach tends to emphasize the possibility of mutual wins; they are interested in institutions which can result in joint profitable arrangements and compromises. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, have stated that Neo liberalism is a response to Neo realism, while not denying the anarchic nature of the international system, neoliberals argue that its importance and effect has been exaggerated.12 They view institutions as the mediator and the means to achieve cooperation among actors in the system. Both theories, however, consider the state and its interests as the central subject of analysis; Neo liberalism may have a wider conception of what those interests are. Neo liberalism argues that even in an anarchic system of autonomous rational states cooperation can emerge through the building of norms, regimes and institutions. 12 Steven L. Lamy, Neo Liberalism in The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International relations, ed. John Baylis and Steve Smith (Third edition, New York: Oxford University, 2005),pp. 212 217. In this case, the author will use Neo liberalism in the recommendation through the joint development resource and other cooperation, which will be the approach to settle the conflict. International Regime An international regime is viewed as a set of implicit and explicit principles, norms, rules and procedures around which actors expectations converge in a particular issue-area as Stepen Krasner, 1983, had defied. An issue-area comprises of interactions in such diverse areas as nuclear nonproliferation, telecommunications, human right or environmental problems. A basic idea behind international regimes is that they provide a transparent state behavior and a degree of stability under conditions of anarchy in the international system. It is more than a set of rules it is higher level than institution. It has four elements principle, norm, rules and decision making procedures This regime theory is used to explain the ARF with regards to settle the dispute. Regime can explain this phenomenon of ARF and others documents involved with the forum among the claimants and ASEAN along with the future of ASEANs institutionalization and recommendations moving forward and developing as a Code of conduct. Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution is a wide range of methods of addressing sources of conflict matter at the inter-personal level or between states and of finding means of resolving a given conflict or of continuing it in less destructive forms than, say, armed conflict. Processes of conflict resolution generally include negotiation, mediation, diplomacy and creative peace building. The term conflict resolution is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms dispute resolution or alternative dispute resolution. The processes of arbitration, litigation, and formal complaint processes through an ombudsman, are part of dispute resolution and therefore they are also part of conflict resolution In this issue Confident-building Measures (CBMs) has been used to explain the approaches that ASEAN should try to settle the dispute such as ARF, using CBMs and move forward to Preventive Diplomacy in order to develop code of conduct. One of the definitions for CMBs is to limit or reduce the level of fear among parties in conflict, which is essential for building confidence and a sense of security. Confidence-building measures (CBMs) aim to lessen anxiety and suspicion by making the parties behavior more predictable.13 Such agreements are meant to build trust among the conflicting parties and limit escalation. Some common CBMs are agreements meant to give each party assurance that the other is not preparing for a surprise military action or pursuing policies associated with such future action. Such agreements provide a way to avoid misunderstandings about ambiguous events or perceived threats and play an important role in instilling a sense of stability and security. 13 Michelle Maiese, Objectives of Confidence-Building Measures, in http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/confidence_building_measures/South Asia Mutual confidence is crucial to reducing the likelihood of violent confrontations. In addition, such measures can allow for new institutional arrangements that will pave the way for more peaceful relations. Finally, confidence-building measures can be crucial tools in preventive diplomacy and can be explained the recommendation to settle the dispute as one approach in the future. Mediation/Third Party in Conflict Management Mediation is a special kind of negotiation designed to promote the settlement of a conflict. In this negotiation a distinctive role is played by a third party, that is, one not directly involved in the dispute in question14. The Third party should be impartial in the dispute. Its role is not to be confused with being a facilitator or providing good offices. The third party searches actively for a settlement and is sometimes described as a full partner in the negotiations15. 14 Jacob Bercovitch, From Conflict Management to conflict Resolution: The Problem Solving Approach, in Social Conflict and Third Parties Strategies of Conflict Resolution, (USA: Westview Press., 1984), pp.19-35. 15 G.R. Berridge, Mediation, in Diplomacy Theory and Practice, (Third Edition, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp.194-211. To summarize this method, Mediation/Third Party is used to explain the trend and possibility in resolving the issue as one options to settle the long dispute in the South China Sea. The primary means available to the six Spratly Islands contestants to influence the outcome of the dispute are diplomacy and military force-or some combination of the two. Clearly, the claimants do not all possess equal strengths and capabilities, particularly in the area of military power, and have developed their strategies accordingly. As a regional forum, ASEAN can employ its own diplomatic powers to mediate a peaceful settlement in the Spratlys; however, its efforts cannot succeed unless the claimant nations themselves are willing to engage in multilateral negotiations. FORUM AND PROCESS OF CONFLICT MANAGEMENT It seems that negotiations aimed at resolving territorial disputes have essentially been bilateral in nature, however; the overwhelming differences in the relative size and bargaining strength of China and the other claimants, as well as the existence of ASEAN which provides a natural grouping for the Southeast Asian claimants, have also led to calls by some of the claimants from the latter to negotiate with China on a collective basis. This move has gathered momentum especially after the Mischief Reef discovery in early 1995, which unified the ASEAN states as never before. However, as is common with negotiations regarding territory, progress has been slow. Attempts have therefore been made for some time now to explore cooperation in various fields while setting aside the issue of sovereignty and forestalling conflict. In this chapter, the author will review all the forum and process of conflict management both bilaterally and multilaterally. 3.4.1 China and ASEAN ASEANs role in the Spratly disputes has entered a new phase with the China-Philippines spat in the Mischief Reef area. ASEANs leaders are intent on not letting the controversy block its eventual goal of creating a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality in Southeast Asia and the economic development this will engender. In this context, some observers believe ASEAN should take a united stand against China in order to persuade China to resolve the issue peacefully and multilaterally.16 16 Mark J. Valencia, pp.42. 17 Ibid, 42. 18 Buszynski, Leszek (2003) ASEAN, the Declaration on Conduct, and the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia. Vol.25. pp.343-36 At the end of the 1995 annual meeting in Brunei, ASEAN Foreign Ministers issued a joint communiquà © urging all claimants to refrain from taking actions that could destabilize the region, including possibly undermining the freedom of navigation and aviation in the affected areas.17 The statement also reiterated the importance of promoting confidence-building measures and mutually beneficial cooperative ventures in the Indonesian- sponsored workshops. Ultimately ASEAN and China which along with the United States and Japan were included in the Bali talks agreed on guidelines for implementing the previously agreed 2002 Declaration on Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC). Negotiations were difficult and the guidelines reveal more by what they do not say than by what they do. Indeed, they lack specifics, timelines and enforceability and their practical focus is on soft security issues such as environmental protection, marine science and transnational crime. Many saw the guidelines as only a first step towards a binding code of conduct. Nevertheless, the agreement was significant because with the world watching there was a lot at stake. 18And they also needed to demonstrate that the South China Sea is safe for commerce. At the least, such a united front could moderate Chinas future actions in the area and push the dispute towards an interim solution. There was some urgency about taking a united stand before Vietnam joined ASEAN in order to avoid Chinas viewing ASEAN as a vehicle for Vietnams agenda. There still may be a need to take a stand before Dengs death and the inevitable uncertainty it would bring. There has long been a divergence of views within ASEAN regarding the China threat and since ASEAN makes decisions by consensus, this divergence could reappear under stress. Apart from the problem that none of the three ASEAN claimants has shown any inclination to compromise with the others on the issue of sovereignty, ASEAN remains divided in its attitude towards China. Although Vietnam is now an ASEAN member, other members will try to prevent the organization from being dragged into the Vietnam-China rivalry. Indonesia, Thailand and Singapore are not even claimants (although Singapore and Thailand are concerned about the safety of sea-lanes in the South China Sea, and Thailand has offered to mediate the dispute). Some ASEAN states are concerned that confronting China now in the Spratlys could strengthen hardline nationalists in the struggle over the succession to Deng Xiaoping. Malaysia and Singapore prefer to encourage Chinas participation in a network of regional organizations as an embryonic structure of good citizenship. Nevertheless, if Chinas strategy is clearly to divide and dominate, ASEAN may yet see the wisdom of jointly proposing a multilateral solution.19 19 Joyner, Christopher C. (2002) The Spratly Islands Dispute: Legal Issues and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation in John C. Baker and David G. Wiencek, eds., Cooperative Monitoring in the South China Sea: Satellite Imagery, Confidence-building Measures, and the Spratly Islands Disputes (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger). pp. 17-34 20 Tà ¸nnesson, Stein (2002) The History of the Dispute in Timo Kivimà ¤ki, ed,.War or Peace in the South China Sea? (Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies). pp. 6-23 When Chinese Defense Minister General Liang Guanglie was telling the Shangri la Dialogue in Singapore on June 3 that China is committed to maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea and that China stood by the DOC, news media were reporting that on May 26 a Vietnamese survey ship operating on its claimed continental shelf had its seismometer cables cut by a Chinese patrol boat.20 Shortly after that event, China sent two vice chairmen of its Central Military Commission to Southeast Asia to try to reassure ASEAN claimants. But a second such incident occurred on June 9, just two weeks later. Earlier, on March 4, the Philippines had protested an incident on the Reed Bank in which two Chinese patrol boats allegedly threatened to ram a Philippine survey ship. Then, on the eve of General Liangs visit to Manila, Chinese fighter jets allegedly harassed Philippine fisher folk near disputed islands in the South China Sea. Worse, China responded to frenetic protests from Vietnam and the Philippines by warning that any exploration in the vicinity of the disputed Spratly Islands without its consent was a violation of its jurisdiction and sovereignty, as well as of the DOC. The real-time link between Chinas stark and sweeping position and its enforcement sent a chill down the spines of ASEAN claimants and drew US attention. Indeed, Indonesia demonstrated that it could lead, not only to resolve regional disputes but also ASEAN as a whole. ASEAN and Vietnam in particular made a major compromise by agreeing to drop a clause that would mandate that it form an ASEAN position before dealing with China on South China Sea issues. Of course, there is nothing to prevent the claimants from informally consulting among themselves before approaching China, but the gesture was important to convince China that Vietnam cannot use ASEAN to gang up on it. Chinas position was that it should only have to deal with rival claimants Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. Of course, as chair of ASEAN, Indonesia had a responsibility to improve the standing of ASEAN and its members. But Indonesia had more at stake than its reputation as a regional leader. Indeed, Indonesia has formally protested Chinas so-called nine-dashed line claim which overlaps some of its claimed maritime area in the South China Sea. 3.4.2 ASEAN Regional Forum In the early 1990s, the South China Sea Conflict and Sino-ASEAN Relations prospect of a rising China was still perceived as a threat in Southeast Asia. China at that point launched a diplomatic offensive to counteract the existing ideational and normative structures that created this threat perception. It relentlessly denounced the idea that China posed a threat to Southeast Asia. However, it took time before Chinas new policy had the desired impact and the perception of China as a threat decreased. ASEAN meantime changed its behavior toward China. Chinas foreign minister was, for the first time, invited to the ASEAN ministerial meeting in 1991. The year after, China became a dialogue partner of the ASEAN. However, at this point China was both inexperienced and reluctant to participate in multilateral frameworks. It only joined the ARF in 1994. This was, to quote Ren Xiao, a leading Chinese expert on Sino-ASEAN relations, a remarkable development, as China at the time had little expe rience in multilateral processes, except those within the United Nations system.21 21 Amitav Acharya, Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the Problen of Regional Order (London Routledge, 2001). p. 175. In reality, Chinas move was a hedge against ARFs taking an anti-China direction rather than reflecting a genuine interest in participating. During the same period, only limited progress was  made in the SCS, which continued to be perceived as the next Asian flashpoint. The SCS conflict was stalemated at a high intensity level, and there was no mutual trust or confidence. 22 22 Global Times Report:US,Philippines Start Joint Naval Exercise,' June 29, 2011, Open Source Center, OSC-CPP20110629722004 23 Buszynski, Leszek (2003) ASEAN, the Declaration on Conduct, and the South China Sea. Contemporary Southeast Asia. Vol.25. pp.343-362. Military exercises between the US Navy and ASEAN members have been exceedingly common even so during the George W. Bush administration. Since 1995, Cooperation Afloat Readiness And Training (CARAT) naval exercises have been conducted annually between the US and six out of 10 ASEAN members: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. This year, Cambodia became the first new CARAT participant in 16 years. Additionally, the Philippines and the US have held regular exercises in the wake of the global war on terror. As for other ASEAN members, Laos is landlocked, while Myanmar and the US are famously at loggerheads. Despite its symbolism coming some decades after the Vietnam conflict, the recent emergence of US-Vietnam naval exercises is not exceptional when viewed in the wider regional context. During the last ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2011, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton created a stir during the usually low-key gathering. She declared that The United States has a national interest in freedom of navigation, open access to Asias maritime commons and respect for international law in the South China Sea and that America seeks a collaborative diplomatic process by all claimants for resolving the various territorial disputes without coercion. Though the United States has maintained a potent naval presence in the region since WWII, this incident broke new ground in identifying American interests regarding the South China Sea. At the ARF, participants including China concluded by resolving to continue discussions on the matter. Despite the fear mongering that some commentators have done, China did not object to participating in further dialogue over the matter which was already underway with ASEAN to begin with. The ministers statement reaffirms that the eventual conclusion of a Regional Code of Conduct in the South China Sea should follow on from the earlier declaration mentioned above.23 An ASEAN-China Joint Working Group on the Implementation of the DOC occurred in Vietnam in April 2010 and another Joint Working Group Meeting was in China before at the end of 2010. Over time, this becomes a significant trust- and confidence-building process. It also helps develop routines for communication. This is useful for the successful progression toward an East Asian community, both in the sense of long-term peace building and the willingness and ability to handle issues and tensions occurring during the process. Moreover, it strengthens the voice of moderation. Different Track-2 processes facilitate the gathering of policy makers in a more informal setting to allow for relatively open and frank discussions on security issues. Preventive Security Regimes The most important are those subsumed under ASEAN, namely the Declaration of a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN); the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Co-operation in Southeast Asia; the 1976 ASEAN Concord: and the 1992 ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea .24Together, the regimes embodied in these instruments exert significant normative pressures on the ASEAN claimants to moderate their behaviour, refrain from resorting to the military potion, seek co-operative modes of conduct and explore peaceful resolution of disputes. There are a number of preventive security regimes which condition state behaviour over the Spratlys. It can be argued, however, that given the low levels of institutionalization and the relatively weak sanctions upon aberrant behaviour contained in these regimes, they are soft regimes. The non-activation of the ASEAN High Council provided for by the Treaty of Amity also weakens the force of this particular regime for the ASEAN claimants. 25Nevertheless, de spite their softness, the regimes have proved remarkably successful in constraining conflict and enhancing co-operation and confidence among the ASEAN states.. 24 Ibid, 106. 25 Ibid,106. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the Council on Security Co-operation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) have significant potential for reinforcing preventive diplomacy and security in the Spratlys in the future if regime-building progresses gradually in the years ahead. For the present, their writ is highly proscribed by Chinas refusal to discuss the Spratlys in the ARF. Escalating tensions in 2009-10 demonstrated the consequences of the failure to implement the DoC. Those tensions also challenged ASEANs credibility and its oft-repeated claim to centrality of Asias security architecture. As chair of ASEAN in 2010, Vietnam prioritized the issue, with a modicum of success: The Joint Working Group met twice in 2010 in Hanoi in April and in Kunming in December but did not achieve an agreement. Indonesia also pushed the issue when it held the ASEAN chair in 2011: The Joint Working Group met in April in Meden, which coincided with a  dramatic increase in tensions in the South China Sea. As M. Taylor Fravel notes in this volume, China adopted more aggressive tactics between March and June, including harassing survey ships chartered by Vietnam and the Philippines. 26By mid-year, tensions in the South China Sea had escalated to their highest point since the end of the Cold War. 26 Dutton, M. Taylor Fravel, James R. Holmes, Robert D. Kapan, Will Rogers and Ian Storey. Center for a New American Security, January :2012.pp 53.. (http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_CooperationFromStrength_Cronin_1.pdf) Conclusion Summary The resolution to the South China Sea maritime border dispute is difficult because it is as complex as these multiple claims are various in the motives and concerns. It would be summarized that the dispute is difficult to be solved by using one approach as its commitment has been both limited and ambiguous behind, involved with territory, maritime zone and the rich resources assumed existed in the South China Sea. Other underlying claimant motivations vary but economics is clearly another common driving factor. The potential for profit in the form of oil, gas, fish, and mineral resources seems to be behind many claims, although (especially in the case of oil) this is based more on expectations of future discoveries than on proof of existing reserves. The desire to use claimed territories to extend exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and continental shelf zones within which a country may control exploration, exploitation, and preservat

Ethics Issues Essay

Ethics Issues Shawnez M. Mckenzie MGT/216 August 12, 2010 Carrie Baird The nature of business ethics is described as, what is fair, and Just. According to Jentz, Miller, and Cross (2002) states, business ethics concentrates on the beliefs, which is right and wrong actions in the business world and the philosophy of morality and how moral principles are consequentially applied to a person’s daily life in the business or social environment. Although some issues seem unethical, it is not necessarily illegal (Rainer ; Turban, 2002, p. 2) Society states the terms ethical and oral are not the same and used interchangeably. Here are three specific examples of ethical issues within todays businesses. Bribery, embezzlement and deceptive advertising can be defined and discussed in this essay. Bribery is considered offenses related to the improper influencing of people in position of trust. Bribery is a white-collar crime, intentions must be clear and verified, and the crime of bribery m ust occur when the bribe is offered. Bribery can affect the local legal system, which can leave the citizens in doubt of who is trustworthy in maintain the laws. An example of bribery would be to influence a public official to act in a manner that services a particular private interest. Bribery affects communities with dishonesty and mistrust of authority in any business or organization. Second, is embezzlement it is the act of stealing funds from a business or organization that was entrust to safeguard, and fraudulently mislead financial records. Embezzlement affects the community and people when a banking intuition is involved. According to Fridell (2009), two bank employees embezzled 1. 3 million dollars over the course of our years, by using hundreds of separated banking transaction. The two women cost six victims their homes, savings and investments by pocketing the funds from the bank and going on lavished vacations. The act of embezzlement can financially affect the lives of others as well as the business. It could leave any company with shame and humiliation, if proper protocol or policy was not enforced or in place to avoid such a crime. However, the act of betrayal within any business, the organization needs to rebuild the trust of the community. Last, is deceptive advertising, is onsidered when businesses are misleading or making false statements regarding a product to mislead consumer. The purpose of the advertising are hopes that advertising would convince consumers to purchase their products. The Federal Trade Commission states, advertising must be truthful and non-misleading, advertiser must be able to support their claims; and advertisement cannot be dishonest with consumers. Under the FTC Deception Policy Statement, an ad is deceptive if it contains a statement or leave out information that is; likely to misinform consumers cting convincingly under the circumstances and â€Å"material† that is vital to a consumer’s decision to purchase or use products. Deceptive advertising as a are genuine and the business are trustworthy, which can affect how consumers and the community view unethical issues. In conclusion, business ethics focuses on what makes up the right and wrong theory in the business and how ethical principles and morals are useful by business people. More important, ethical or moral standards guide our behavior, as parents, children, or students who apply to our everyday lives in the business or social profession. As current members of the business world, we have a moral and business obligation to be ethical in how we deal with others, no matter in what capacity. References Federal Trade Commission, Inc. (2010) Consumer Protection. Retrieved from http://www. ftc. gov. gov Gaylord,J. , Miller, R. , cross, B. F. (2002). wests Business Law. USA. Rainer, K. , & Turban, E. (2008). Introduction to Information Systems. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Fridell, Z. (2009). Effects of embezzlement still felt as families, bank rebuild. Steamboat Today. Retrieved from http://www. steamboatpilot. com

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay

In the early 1960’s there was a drift towards Cognitive Behavior Therapy as people turned away out of disappointment in the psychodynamic theory for psychotherapy. Also at this time social learning theory was the new and upcoming study. This is when Cognitive theory emerged with Alfred Adler. He was the first Cognitive therapist who came up with the idea that an individuals beliefs and ideas is what makes up their behavior (Lantz, 1996). He believed that this type of psychotherapy would allow the clients to make changes in the way they think to change their behavior and solve their problems. Alfred Adler was not the only contributor to Cognitive theory. Between the late 1950’s and early 1960’s Albert Ellis came up with dysfunctional thinking or emotions that come from irrational beliefs. He sought out to change these unclear emotions with psychotherapy and by challenging these beliefs. His books are very well known and used a lot of by different therapist. He is basically considered the grandfather of Cognitive Behavior Therapy and his ABC model is used widely. Albert came up with Rational-emotive therapy, which was later on changed to Rational-emotive behavior therapy because Ellis wanted his clients to act upon their new beliefs by putting them into practice (Wilde, 1996, p. 9). Others who have contributed to Cognitive theory have been William Glasser, Arnold Lazarus, Don Tosi, Victor Ramy, Maxie Maultsby, Aron Beck and many more. William Glasser used effective psychotherapy to help his clients find courage to change their life style and become more responsible of their goals. He did this by pointing out the worth of self and the basic human need to be loved. His ‘reality therapy’ consisted of his clients focusing on personal responsibility to understand their own reality (Lantz, 1996). Arnold Lazarus came up with the seven modes of the client that help assess their functioning. These seven modes are sensation, imagery, cognition, behavior affect, interpersonal living and drugs (Lantz, 1996). These modes, according to Lazarus, would help come up with a treatment plan that would help the client in all areas of their function lives. Don Tosi contributed to Cognitive theory by intergrading hypnosis with the therapy. Hypnosis is used to help the clients picture their thoughts in a healthy way through exploration and redirection (Lantz, 1996). Victor Ramy focused his work on helping clients change their self-concept. His books show how to help a client work with and change the cognitive misunderstanding of themselves. Maxie Maultsby used the ABC model as used by Albert Ellis but he also contributed by using rational behavior therapy with youngsters, for self-help groups, and group therapy. Aron Beck was a psychiatrist who used cognitive treatment to help his clients who had anxiety and personality disorders. He did extensive research on effective Cognitive therapy and how it helps clients with a range of individual problems from suicidal patients to those who have borderline personality disorders. Many of those who contributed to Cognitive therapy were not social workers. The first social worker that used Cognitive therapy was Harold Werner. Werner struggled early on when he tried to bring Cognitive therapy to social work as those who had a psychoanalytical point of view attacked him. His efforts allowed the theory to be accepted in the social work arena. Howard Goldstein also helped bring Cognitive therapy into the social work profession. Behavior theory is a mixture of different theories combined and it first came about in the first quarter of this century. The work of Ivan Pavlov and his classical conditioning theory, the work of B.F. Skinner and J.B. Watson and their operant condition theory and the work of Bandura on the social learning theory is all combined in the behavior theory. The classical conditioning theory states that a conditioned stimulus can cause a conditioned response with the famous example of Pavlov and the salivating dog. This is a behavior that is learned and that can be used to help clients during therapy especially those who have anxiety disorders. The operant conditioning uses human behavior and examines it. Skinner believed that behavior was measurable and that certain situations cause human to react is certain ways. Once these behaviors are learned through the scientific method we can predetermine a clients actions and help them with either negative or positive reinforcements. This will either increase or decrease the client’s behavior depending on if the behavior is punished or positively reinforced. In the late 60’s is when behavior theory became a front-runner with clinical social work. At this time the psychodynamic theories were under attack and a new theories were sought out. Social learning theory focuses on using the ABC model that Albert Ellis used to help clients. This involves finding the antecedents, target behaviors, and consequence in ones problematic behavior. Antecedents is what the client was doing before the situation occurred, target behavior is the behavior that needs to be changed or focused on and the consequence is the result because of their target behavior (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). These three are analyzed to figure out what needs to change in the behavior to get an alternate positive consequence or to see how the situation can be avoided. Principles and Concepts: There are four basic concepts to Cognitive theory. The first uses Albert Ellis’s ABC model to deal with the emotions we feel and the way we think about our situations and ourselves. The ABC model helps us identify our thoughts and then helps us control our emotions (Lantz, 1996). If what we are thinking during a situation is irrational then our emotions are going to be uncontrollable and irrational also. If we have rational thoughts then our emotions will be functional. If our trigger behavior causes irrational emotions then we need to find rational emotions to replace the irrational belief (Wilde, 1996, p. 33). The second basic concept to Cognitive theory is that these irrational beliefs are in our unconscious and we are not aware of them. This may make it difficult to find out what the thoughts are and why we have dysfunctional emotions. To help our clients notice their irrational beliefs we have to allow them to learn misconceptions about themselves so they are more aware of their thoughts. Irrational believes lead to illogical emotions, which causes the client to react in an unreasonable way, but there are exactions to these types of situation, which is basic concept three (Lantz, 1996). Sometimes the way we feel has nothing to do with our irrational beliefs. What we are feeling is really true or there could be a neurological or other health problem, which can make an individual feel down or angry or upset. A disparity in the brain chemistry can cause dysfunctional emotions. Lastly all irrational emotions are not always dysfunctional which means a rational belief can be dysfunctional also. A client might get sort of ‘high’ or excited from something dangerous such as a gun. Playing with a gun might give a client a feeling of excitement and happiness but it is not safe to play with guns. Feeling happy or excited is not considered a dysfunctional emotion but in this case we would have to teach the client about the misconception in their mind that playing with guns is safe or fun. Cognitive theory allows a person to recognize their environment and their situation both physically and communally and it allows them to work through and change it (Lantz, 1996). A basic concept to Behavior theory is that all behavior is learned and that individual have problematic behaviors. According to Skinner our social problems can be measured through our behavior. By changing the environment and reinforcing the client with either positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement we can get them to change their behavior. The stimuli from the reinforcement will allow the client to either change or remove the behavior (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). Social learning theory, which involves the ABC model, shows us how behavior can change for the better. Similarities and Differences: The biggest similarity between Cognitive theory and Behavior theory is the intertwining of the Social Learning Theory. They both use the ABC model and look at the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences of each situation. With Cognitive theory, the trigger behavior comes with an irrational belief that needs to be changed. Clients often times have irrational beliefs during their behavior. After the consequence takes place the ABC model will help us show them their irrational beliefs and teach them that with a rational belief a different consequence could have taken place. With Behavior theory a similar pattern is used. The problem is identified and the target behavior is observed by the social worker other wise known as ‘behavior analysis’ (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). The social worker then works with the clients on changing both the antecedents and the consequences to attain a different behavior. Changing the antecedent is known as manipulating the environment condition (Streff, Geller, 1986). The antecedent is changed to increase a positive behavior in the situation. The consequence is used as reinforcement either positive or negative. The reinforcement allows for a change in behavior. The difference between the two theories is that one focuses on the beliefs and emotions that one has about themselves and the behavior that comes from these beliefs and the other focuses on problematic behavior and the reinforcements that change this type of behavior. Behavior therapy uses both positive and negative reinforcements and Cognitive therapy focuses on eliminating the negative behavior or emotion and replacing it with positive rational behavior. A belief scale that serves as a measure from one to ten, is used to see how irrational the clients beliefs really are (Watson, Morris, Miller, 2001). With Behavior therapy reinforcements are used to encourage clients but with Cognitive therapy rational beliefs are used to encourage clients. The clients are questioned on their beliefs and often times humor is used to show the clients how irrational their beliefs can be (Wilde, 1996, p. 61). A limitation of behavior therapy is that reinforcement don’t always work for everyone. A stimulus for reinforcing someone depends on that person’s perception of the stimulus (Wilde, 1996, p. 18). If an individual is having behavior problems and the negative reinforcement is to stay after school, the individual might not think of it as negative reinforcement if they don’t like going home. Their situation at home might be worse then staying after school for detention. Another issue is that behavior theory only deals with the exterior of the problem and does not investigate the deep down root of the problem. Because behavior therapy doesn’t focus on the internal process of the client, the reinforcements are only successful if they bring change in the client’s life for the better. Although Cognitive theory may look at the root of the problem by focusing on automatic thoughts and core beliefs, it also has limitations. It is argued that Cognitive theory only looks at the problem for that one situation that occurs. One incident takes place where the client has inappropriate behavior with irrational beliefs (Atherton, 2007). Other aspects of the client’s life may or may not come up while discovering their irrational beliefs. Another issue is that with Cognitive theory, treatment is not emphasized with family members, the environment, and other interventions (Lantz, 1996). Both theories are culturally sensitive and work with all different backgrounds. Because different races and cultures have different social misconceptions, irrational beliefs may vary from culture to culture; but all cultures have irrational beliefs (Lantz, 1996). What is considered positive or negative reinforcements in one culture may not be considered so in another culture. These types of things vary but both types of therapy work with all different sorts of people. Both theories are compatible with the NASW code of ethics. Cognitive therapy and Behavior therapy both value the client and humanity. Cognitive therapists emphasize the use for rational thinking, which is not only for the client but also for society. The worth of the client is maintained and it is important to make sure that the client doesn’t feel threatened or ashamed by these techniques and it is up to the social worker to maintain these techniques. Blending The Two Theories: Research shows that when blending Cognitive therapy with Behavior therapy there are no proven results that the outcome is better for the client right away. The research does show however that there are more long term results when combining the two theories as apposed to just using one therapy or the other (Thomlison & Thomlison, 1996). Behavior theorists such as Skinner argue that when combining Cognitive theory to Behavior theory, the focus on behavior gets diverted and so the therapy is not as effective. Research is not conclusive on this matter but it shows that efficacy to the therapy depends on the problem that the client is having. As time goes on most social workers use Cognitive Behavior Therapy and not just one or the other. By blending the two theories we can focus on the client’s behavior, reinforce their positive behaviors and allow them to recognize their ideas and beliefs about their behavior to allow them to make rational choices and have rational emotions.